功能界定：新闻专业主义建构的新趋势【3】

推荐的功能型定义

综合涵盖以上五个关键点，作者给出如下定义：

新闻业是“为独立追求新近事件的准确信息，并将其原创地呈现给公众以予启迪而进行的所有活动”。

虽然作者认为这个定义只是在前人成果基础上的一次推进尝试，新的定义还是要经过理论与实践的不断检验，但描述共识上的进展确实可以帮助细化现有法律制度、协助司法判定的顺利进行。更重要的是，这项进展有助于新闻人对于他们的工作活动给出简明易懂的阐述，并赢得相应的社会信赖和委任，后者无论是对新闻工作的实际操作还是理念支撑都至关重要。

（作者系：上海政法学院新闻系副教授、博士。）

（本文为教育部人文社会科学研究青年项目（编号：12YJC860035）和上海市哲学社会科学基金青年项目（编号：2012EXW002）的阶段性成果。《为何大众化的民主更需要功能型的新闻业定义》(Why democracies need a Functional Definition of Journalism now more than ever)一文原载于Journalism Studies，2014年第15卷第5期。）

注释：

①LarsonMagali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis, Berkeley·Los Angeles London: University of California Press. 1977p.X.

②Lewis, S. C.“The Tension Between Professional Control And Open Participation” InformationCommunication & Societyvol.15no.62012pp.836-866.

③NeroneJohn. “The historical roots of the normative model of journalism”Journalism, 2012.0(0)p.2

④王维佳：《追问“新闻专业主义迷思”——一个历史与权力的分析》，《新闻记者》2014年第2期

⑤白红义：《塑造新闻权威：互联网时代中国新闻职业再审视》，《新闻与传播研究》2013年第1期

⑥牛津辞典将“功能型”定义为：“属于或者具备特定的活动、目标或者任务……与事物工作或者操作的方式有关。”其同义词应该是“操作性的”，但后者也同样容易被误解。

⑦为了行文方便，Zelizer的分类顺序有过微调。其中，“文本”新闻较好的定义是：“无论作者是谁，无论采用的是文字、音频、视频还是其他等方式，只要是对现实或社会生活尚未知晓的新现象、新特征所做的真实陈述或记录。”(McNair 19984cited by Zelizer 200422)。

参考文献：

①AdamG. Stuart. 1993. Notes towards a Definition of Journalism: Understanding an Old Craft as an Art Form. St. Petersburg, FL: Poynter Institute for Media Studies.

②Allison, Marianne. 1986. “A Literature Review of Approaches to the Professionalism of Journalists.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1 (2): 5-19. doi:10.1080/08900528609358262.

③Barnhurst, Kevin G.and John Nerone. 2009. “Journalism History.” In The Handbook of Journalism Studiesedited by Karin Wahl-Jorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch17-28. New York: Routledge.

④Berkowitz, Danand Robert E. GutscheJr. 2012. “Drawing Lines in the Journalistic Sand: Jon StewartEdward R. Murrow, and Memory of News Gone By.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 89 (4): 643-656. doi:10.1177/1077699012456020.

⑤Black, Jay. 2010. “Who is a Journalist?” In Journalism Ethics: A Philosophical Approach, edited by Christopher Meyers, 103-114. New York: Oxford University Press.

⑥BrethourPatrickTim Currie, Meredith Levine, Connie Monk, and Ivor Shapiro. 2012. “What is Journalism? A Report of the Ethics Advisory Committee of the Canadian Association of Journalists.” Canadian Association of JournalistsJune 5. http://j-source.ca/article/what-journalism.

⑦BrinColetteJean Charron and Jean de Bonville. 2004. Nature et transformation de journalisme:Théorie et recherches empiriques. Saint-Nicolas, QC: Les presses de l’université Laval.

⑧Calcutt, Andrew, and Philip Hammond. 2011. Journalism Studies: A Critical Introduction. NewYorkNY: Routledge.

⑨ConboyMartin. 2013. Journalism Studies. New York, NY: Routledge.

⑩Deuze, Mark. 2005. “What is Journalism? Professional Identity and Ideology of Journalists Reconsidered.” Journalism 6 (4): 442-464. doi:10.1177/1464884905056815.

[11]Free Flow of Information Act of 2013 (S.987). United States Senate.

[12]GantScott. 2007. We’re all Journalists Now. New York: Free Press.

[13]Gardner, Howard, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and William Damon. 2001. Good Work: When Excellence and Ethics Meet. New York: Basic Books.

[14]Grant v. Torstar Corp. 2009. SCC 61. Judgment of the Supreme Court of Canada. http://scc.lexum.org/decisia-scc-csc/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/7837/index.do?r=AAAAAQAFZ3JhbnQAAAAAAAAB

[15]Greenwood, E. 1957. “Attributes of a Profession.” Social Work 2: 45-55.

[16]Hanitzsch, Thomas. 2011. “Populist DisseminatorsDetached WatchdogsCritical Change Agents and Opportunist Facilitators: Professional Milieusthe Journalistic Field and Autonomy in 18 Countries.” International Communication Gazette 73 (6): 477-494. doi:10.1177/1748048511412279.

[17]HargreavesIan. 1999. “The Ethical Boundaries of Reporting.” In Reporters & the Reported: The 1999 Vauxhall Lectures on Contemporary Issues in British Journalism, edited by Mike Ungersma: 1-15. Cardiff: Centre for Journalism Studies.

[18]Hartley, John. 2000. “Communicative Democracy in a Redactional Society: The Future of Journalism Studies.” Journalism 1 (1): 39-48. doi:10.1177/146488490000100107.

[19]Hindman, Elizabeth Blanks. 2005. “Jayson Blairthe New York Timesand Paradigm Repair.”Journal of Communication 55 (2): 225-241.

[20]IngramMathew. 2011. “Defining Journalism Is a Lot Easier Said than Done.” http://gigaom.com/ 2011/12/15/defining-journalism-is-a-lot-easier-said-than-done/

[21]JobbDean. 2010. “Responsible Communication on Matters of Public Interest: A New Defense Updates Canada’s Defamation Laws.” Journal of International Media & Entertainment Law 3 (2): 195.

[22]Johnstone, John Wallace Claire, Edward J. Slawski and William W. Bowman. 1976. News People: A Sociological Portrait of American Journalists and their Work. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

[23]KentThomas. 2013. “Who’s a Journalist? Closing in on a Definition.” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thomas-kent/whos-a-journalist-closing_b_4033856.html.

[24]KinseyMarie. 2005. “Journalism.” In Key Concepts in Journalism Studiesedited by Bob Franklin, Martin HamerMark HannaMarie Kinsey, and John E. Richardson, 124-125. Los AngelesCA: Sage.

[25]KovachBill, and Tom Rosenstiel. 2007. The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect. 1st rev. ed. New York: Three Rivers Press.

[26]McLeodJ. and S. Hawley. 1964. “Professionalization among Newsmen.” Journalism Quarterly 41: 529-539. doi:10.1177/107769906404100406.

[27]McNairBrian. 1998. The Sociology of Journalism. New York: Arnold/Oxford University Press.

[28]Mellado, Claudio. 2012. “Major Trends of Journalist Studies in Latin America.” In The Global Journalist in the 21st Centuryedited by David H. Weaver and Lars Willnat413–426. New York: Routledge.

[29]Neron v. Chambre des notaires du Quebec. 2004. SCC 53. Judgment of the Supreme Court of Canada. http://scc.lexum.org/decisia-scc-csc/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2168/index.do?r=AAAAAQAFbmVyb24AAAAAAAAB[30]Reynolds v. Times Newspapers Limited and Others. 1999. UKHL 45. (House of Lords).

[31]RitzerG. 1977. Working: Conflict and Change. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

[32]Rosen, Rebecca J. 2011. “Why We Should Stop Asking Whether Bloggers are Journalists.” http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/print/2011/12/why-we-should-stop-asking-whether-bloggers-are-journalists/249864/

[33]SchudsonMichael. 2002. The Sociology of News. New York: Norton.

[34]Shapiro, Ivor. 2010. “Evaluating Journalism: Towards an Assessment Framework for the Practice of Journalism.” Journalism Practice 4 (2): 143–162. doi:10.1080/17512780903306571.

[35]SingerJane B. 2003. “Who are These Guys? The Online Challenge to the Notion of Journalistic Professionalism.” Journalism 4 (2): 139–163.

[36]SplichalSlavko, and Colin Sparks. 1994. Journalists for the 21 St Century. Tendencies of Professionalization among First-Year Students in 22 Countries. NorwoodNJ: Ablex.

[37]StephensMitchell. 2011.“Journalism and News: Untangling Their Histories I Beyond News. http://journalism.nyu.edu/publishing/beyondnews/2011/03/13/journalism-and-news-untangling-their-histories

[38]UglandErik, and Jennifer Henderson. 2007. “Who is a Journalist and Why Does It Matter? Disentangling the Legal and Ethical Arguments.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 22 (4): 241–261. doi:10.1080/08900520701583511.

[39]Wahl-Jorgensen, Karinand Thomas Hanitzsch. 2009. The Handbook of Journalism Studies. New York: Routledge.

[40]WeaverDavid H.and Lars Willnat. 2012. The Global Journalist in the 21st Century. New York: Routledge.

[41]WeaverDavid H.and G. Cleveland Wilhoit. 1986. The American Journalist: A Portrait of U.S. News People and Their World. BloomingtonIN: Indiana University Press.

[42]WeischenbergSiegfriedMaja Malikand Armin Scholl. 2012. “Journalists in Germany in the 21st Century.” In The Global Journalist in the 21st Centuryedited by David H. Weaver and Lars Willnat205–219. New York: Routledge.

[43]Working, Russell. 2013. “Coca-Cola Digital Chief: ‘Kill the Press Release’.” http://www.ragan.com/Main/Articles/47600.aspx

[44]Zelizer, Barbie. 1993. “Journalists as Interpretive Communities.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 10 (September): 219–237. doi:10.1080/15295039309366865.

[45]Zelizer, Barbie. 2004. Taking Journalism Seriously: News and the Academy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

[46]Zelizer, Barbie, and Stuart Allan. 2010. Keywords in News & Journalism Studies. New York: Mc Graw Hill.